12 Research Essay Topics on Apache Native Americans

12 Research Essay Topics on Apache Native Americans If you have to write a research essay on the Apache Native Americans, it is important to substantiate all of the information you present with evidence. It is for this reason that you will find twelve superb facts on Apache Native Americans below which can be used in your research essay writing. Remember that these should be used to support claims you make within the body of your writing: The Apache Native Americans were not immune to the conflicts between settlers and the U.S. Federal rules. These rules and the migration forced many native tribes out of their ancestral lands and onto reservations, a proposition which resulted in backlash at the start by many of the natives. Massacres broke out in response to westward expansion at Sand Creek in 1864 and again at Wounded Knee in 1890 between the United States Army and the Apache Native Americans. The Apache reside in the Southwest deserts, primarily in Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico. Some Apache tribes were captured during the 1800’s and sent to live in Oklahoma, while others remained in New Mexico and Arizona. The Na’ishan are called the Plains Apache and they reside in what is today Oklahoma. This tribe is referred to as the Kiowa-Apaches because many of their customs are similar to the Kiowa allies more so than to the other native Apache tribes. They are still living there today. Today there are 30,000 Apache Native Americans living in the United States. There are 13 Apache tribes living in the United States. Five of the tribes are in Arizona, another five are in New Mexico, and the remaining three are in Oklahoma. Each of the tribes in Arizona and New Mexico has their own reservation. These are lands which are under complete control of the tribes. In Oklahoma, the tribes remain on trust land. Every tribe has many of the same laws, services, and government functions the same as a small country. While living under their own laws, police forces, government, and services, they are nonetheless considered U.S. citizens and required to obey American laws. Historically every Apache band was led by a chief, who was selected for the position by the tribal council. All of the important decisions which had to be made for the band were done so by way of the council. In such situations, each of the members of the council had to agree before any action could be made. In this sense the chief functions more as a chairman for the tribe rather than as a president and his job as to mediate between all members of the council. Today, these tribal councils are still used for the Apache tribes. Today the Apache Native Americans speak a native Apache tongue close to that of Navajo but they also speak English. The Apache language is one with many different vowel sounds and tones, which can be difficult for non-native speakers to pronounce. Apache Native American children will enjoy schooling, chores, and playing the same as other children. Historically, they would complete more chores and enjoy more play time on par with colonial children but today many children enjoy fishing and hunting with their fathers. Today the children enjoy archery games, learn how to ride horses, and have toys and dolls. The Apache women were tasked with taking care of the home which included taking care of their children and cooking, but extended to include the construction of new houses for the family whenever the tribe had to change their location. The girls learned how to ride horses and shoot the same as the boys, and in some cases the women of the tribe were able to defend the villages when an attack took place. Nonetheless, it was rare for Apache women to serve as warriors. The men were the warriors, the hunters, and the political leaders who could be appointed chief of the tribe. Both men and women were involved in traditional medicine, story-telling, art, and music. The Apache Native Americans resided in wickiups, which were small dwellings about the size of camping tents, which were constructed out of wood frames covered in brush matting and a buffalo tarp. These could be set up in as little as two hours if there existed enough brush in the new location. The reason for this is that the Apache beliefs require the homes to be burned down and rebuilt in cases where a family member dies. For this reason the structure remains simple and the construction quick. Those Apache residing in the Plains, or Oklahoma, used the tipis as their housing where were also covered in buffalo hide but were easier to heat and offered more space. Today the people reside in modern homes with very few tribal members residing in modernized wickiups. Those who still follow the Apache beliefs remain in the wickiups because they can be burned down while an apartment cannot. The Apache women would historically dress in dresses made of buckskin while the men would wear breechcloths and leather war shirts. After Mexican influence in the 1800’s the men began to wear white cotton pants and tunics while the women wore skirts and dresses in calico. The tribes would wear moccasins or moccasin boots for their feet. The dresses for ladies and warrior shirts for men were decorated with fringe and beads, many of which were symbolic. The Plains Apache tribes living in Oklahoma took after the Kiowas and wore the feather war bonnets. For ceremonies, special masks and head dresses made of wood were worn. The women wore their long hair down or in a bun, secured with a hair ornament called the nah-leens. The men would keep their hair at shoulder length, save for those in the Plains area. Both men and women would wear choker-style necklaces and shell jewelry and would paint their faces on religious, special, or festive occasions. These facts will definitely help you in writing a research essay. The story of Apache is very interesting, so you don’t need to worry that you’ll not have enough information for your paper. But if you want even more check out our 20 topics for a research essay on Apache Native Americans or look through out tips on how to write a research essay. Combining all this, you will write an excellent paper in college and university! References: Curtis, Edward S.  The North American Indian, Vol. 1. Quality Classics, 2013. Goodwin, Grenville.  The social organization of the Western Apache. University of Arizona Press, 1942. Jacobs, Sue-Ellen.  Two-spirit people: Native American gender identity, sexuality, and spirituality. University of Illinois Press, 1997. Kroeber, Alfred Louis.  Cultural and natural areas of native North America. Vol. 38. Univ of California Press, 1947. Lockwood, Frank C.  The Apache Indians. U of Nebraska Press, 1938. Merriwether, D. Andrew, Francisco Rothhammer, and Robert E. Ferrell. Distribution of the four founding lineage haplotypes in Native Americans suggests a single wave of migration for the New World.  American Journal of Physical Anthropology  98.4 (1995): 411-430. Nabokov, Peter.  Native American testimony: an anthology of Indian and White relations; first encounter to dispossession. Crowell, 1978.

Stereotypes of Italian Americans in Film and Television

Stereotypes of Italian Americans in Film and Television Italian Americans  may be European in ancestry, but they were not always treated as white in the United States, as the pervasive stereotypes about them demonstrate. Not only did Italian immigrants to America face employment discrimination in their adopted homeland, but they also faced violence by whites who viewed them as â€Å"different.† Because of their once marginalized status in this country, ethnic stereotypes of Italians persist in film and television. On the big and small screen, alike, Italian Americans are all too often portrayed as mobsters, thugs and peasants hawking spaghetti sauce. While Italian Americans have made great strides in U.S. society, their characterization in popular culture remains stereotypical and troublesome. Mobsters Fewer than .0025 percent of Italian Americans are involved in organized crime, according to the  Italian American News website. But one would be hard-pressed to know that from watching Hollywood television shows and movies, where just about every Italian family has mob ties. In addition to films such as â€Å"The Godfather,† â€Å"Goodfellas,† â€Å"Casino† and â€Å"Donnie Brasco,† television shows such as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Sopranos,† â€Å"Growing Up Gotti† and â€Å"Mob Wives† have perpetuated the idea that Italian Americans and organized crime go hand-in-hand. While many of these films and shows  have won critical praise, they do little to complicate the image Italian Americans have in popular culture. Food-Making  Peasants Italian cuisine is among the most popular in the United States. Accordingly, a number of television commercials depict Italians and Italian  Americans flipping pizzas, stirring tomato sauce and squashing grapes. In many of these commercials, Italian Americans are portrayed as heavily accented, robust peasants. The Italian American News website describes how a Ragu commercial features â€Å"several elderly, overweight Italian American women in housedresses [who] are so delighted with Ragu’s meat sauce that they turn somersaults and play leapfrog in a meadow.† An undue amount of food ads portray Italian women as â€Å"elderly, overweight housewives and grandmothers wearing black dresses, housecoats or aprons,† the site reports. â€Å"Jersey Shore† When MTV reality series â€Å"Jersey Shore† debuted, it became a pop culture sensation. Viewers of all ages and ethnic backgrounds faithfully tuned in to watch the group of mostly Italian American friends hit the bar scene, work out at the gym, tan and do laundry. But  prominent Italian-Americans protested  that the bouffant-haired stars of the show- self-described Guidos and Guidettes- were spreading  negative stereotypes about Italians. Joy Behar,  co-host of ABC’s â€Å"The View,† said that â€Å"Jersey Shore† did not represent her culture. â€Å"I do have a master’s degree, so a person like me is rather annoyed with a show like that because I went to college, you know, to better myself, and then these idiots come out and make Italians look bad,† she said. â€Å"It’s awful. They should go to Firenze and Rome and Milano and see what Italians really did in this world. It’s irritating.† Bigoted Thugs Anyone familiar with Spike Lee’s films knows that he has persistently depicted Italian Americans as dangerous, racist thugs from New York City’s working class. Italian Americans such as these can be found in a number of Spike Lee films, most notably â€Å"Jungle Fever,† â€Å"Do The Right Thing† and â€Å"Summer of Sam.† When Lee criticized Django Unchained  director Quentin Tarantino for turning slavery into a spaghetti Western,  Italian groups called him a hypocrite because of the thread of anti-Italian bias that runs through his films, they said. â€Å"When it comes to Italian Americans, Spike Lee has never done the right thing,† said Andre DiMino, president of the Italian American One Voice Coalition. â€Å"One wonders if Spike Lee is indeed a racist who hates Italians and why he harbors a grudge.† One Voice voted Lee into its Hall of Shame because of his portrayals of Italian Americans. In particular, the group criticized â€Å"Summer of Sam† because the movie â€Å"descends into a panoply of negative character portrayals, with Italian Americans as mobsters, drug dealers, drug addicts, racists, deviants, buffoons, bimbos, and sex-crazed fiends.†

What aurguments can you make, for and against, the assertion that Essay

What aurguments can you make, for and against, the assertion that democracy has made striking progress in the world during the past decade - Essay Example In a democratic system of governance, eligible citizens choose and replace the government via free and fair elections, all citizens enjoy the protection of human rights, there is freedom and rule of law, and citizens participate actively in all national matters. As such, democracy respects human rights, elections, women, and civil society. Democracy contrasts a monarch or an oligarchy.However, there has been an assertion that democracy has made striking progress in the world during the past decade. This paper will draw arguments for and against the progress of democracy in Turkey, Libya, and Egypt. Turkey may assume the definition of a democratic, unitary, and constitutional nation with a huge cultural diversity. It has a parliamentary system of governance and its constitution governs the centralized state. The nation has respect free and fair elections where eligible citizens elect a president for a seven-year term. The nation has universal suffrage for both sexes where all citizens above 18 years of age have the right to vote. Indeed, all citizens can participate in independent political organizations, access information and services, and own private property. In the past decades, Turkey has grown in terms of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms where perpetrators of extrajudicial killings can now face trial. Moreover, the military have taken control of the government for three times but later withdraws to allow for the resumption of democratic governance. (Turkone 1). Additionally, Turkey have shown great respect for the rule of law and the Sacred Law, as well as embracing cultural diversity and respect for the ethnic minority. Notably, previous governments introduced successive phases of limited democracy in preparation for full democracy as they encouraged the rise of civil society. However, the progress of democracy in Turkey has been very challenging as the country faced various controversies (Lewis 1) about individual liberties and freedom of w omen. Indeed, the country’s address on the  Kurdish issue (Turkone 1) contracts democratic ideals and human rights in Turkey faced international condemnation where Turkey violated the most human rights in the Council of Europe. The country had no respect for Kurdish rights, the right to life, women's rights and press freedom, and freedom from torture. The country exercised major crackdowns on press freedoms and arrested many journalists. Moreover, the constitutional problems in Turkey challenge democratic ideals. Notably, Turkey lacks a democratic identity and a democratic tradition but has made significant progress in the last decade. On the other hand, Libya is a parliamentary nation under a temporary Constitutional Declaration and governed by the General National Congress. Libya has depicted total disregard for democracy in the past decade. Indeed, the former president of Libya, Gaddafi rose to power through a military coup and ruled for 40 years. He had no respect for d emocracy as he retained all power, disregarded civil society, had no respect for human rights, and did not allow for active participation in national matters by the Libyans (â€Å"UN† 1). Libya banned all political parties from 1972 and all elections were nonpartisan under law. Indeed, Libyans did not participate in democratic elections for 47 years (â€Å"Foreign and Commonwealth Office† 1). However, the urge for democracy led to the revolution, which removed the Gadhafi government. Indeed, the National Transitional Council introduced multiparty democracy as the face of the revolution. Notably, the NTC declared Libya as a new democracy in 2010 where it promised to guarantee the rule of law, respect for civic and human